OSP: Taylor Swift CSP - Audience and Industries

Taylor Swift: Audience and Industries blog tasks

Create a new blogpost called 'Taylor Swift: Audience and Industries blog tasks' and work through the following to complete your case study.

Audience

Background and audience wider reading

Read this Guardian feature on stan accounts and fandom. Answer the following questions:

1) What examples of fandom and celebrities are provided in the article?

The article talks about how Matty Healy, the lead singer of The 1975, faced backlash from his fans after laughing along to offensive jokes on a podcast. Fans on Twitter called him out, showing how audiences now have the power to hold celebrities accountable for their actions.

2) Why did Taylor Swift run into trouble with her fanbase? 

Taylor Swift upset some fans when Ticketmaster’s presale for her tour turned into chaos, with many Swifties unable to get tickets. Fans were frustrated and disappointed, and both Swift and Ticketmaster had to apologise. Swift even called the whole situation “excruciating.”

3) Do stan accounts reflect Clay Shirky's ideas regarding the 'end of audience'? How? 

Yes, definitely. Stan accounts show how fans are no longer just passive viewers, they’re active creators. They make their own content, share opinions, and shape how others see their favourite artists. This fits Shirky’s idea that audiences now participate in media rather than just consume it.



1) What do Taylor Swift fans spend their money on? 

Swifties spend a lot on things like concert tickets, albums, and exclusive merchandise. For many fans, it’s not just about buying products, it’s about showing their dedication to Taylor.

2) How does Swift build the connection with her fans? Give examples from the article.

Taylor makes her fans feel personally valued. She remembers details about them like their haircuts or personal achievements and mentions them at shows. She’s also sent surprise gifts and handwritten letters to fans, which makes the relationship feel more genuine and personal.

3) What have Swifties done to try and get Taylor Swift's attention online? 

Fans go all out to get noticed, posting pictures of all the merch they’ve bought, showing multiple copies of her albums, or creating emotional or creative content about her. They know that if they stand out, there’s a chance Taylor or her team might see it.

4) Why is fandom described as a 'hierarchy'? 

Fandoms are like social ladders. Fans who buy more merch, go to more concerts, or show the most loyalty often gain more recognition within the community. In Taylor’s fandom, the more you spend or participate, the higher your status.

5) What does the article suggest is Swift's 'business model'? 

Taylor’s business model is built on the desire to connect with her. Fans feel that the closer they get by spending more money or showing more devotion, the more likely they are to be noticed by her. That sense of closeness is what keeps fans engaged and buying.


Taylor Swift: audience questions and theories

Work through the following questions to apply media debates and theories to the Taylor Swift CSP. You may want to go back to your previous blogpost or your A3 annotated booklet for examples. 

1) Is Taylor Swift's website and social media constructed to appeal to a particular gender or audience?

Yes. Taylor’s website and social media are mainly aimed at a female audience, with her pastel aesthetics and emotional tone. But she also appeals to a broad age range, from younger fans to older ones who love her earlier albums or collectible items like vinyls and cassettes.

2) What opportunities are there for audience interaction in Taylor Swift's online presence and how controlled are these? 

Fans can interact with Taylor by commenting on her posts, joining livestreams, attending her concerts, and sharing her content online. However, most of these interactions are managed by her team, who make sure her image stays positive and consistent. It feels personal, but it’s still carefully controlled.

3) How does Taylor Swift's online presence reflect Clay Shirky’s ‘End of Audience’ theories? 

Her online presence fits Shirky’s theory because fans are no longer just consuming her content, they’re part of it. They share, remix, and respond to her posts, creating their own mini-communities that Taylor sometimes acknowledges. It’s a two-way relationship rather than a one-way broadcast.

4) What effects might Taylor Swift's online presence have on audiences? Is it designed to influence the audience’s views on social or political issues or is this largely a vehicle to promote Swift's work? 

It’s a bit of both. Taylor’s online presence mostly promotes her music and brand, but she also uses it to express her views, like when she publicly supported Kamala Harris. Because she has such a loyal following, her opinions can influence how fans think about social or political issues.

5) Applying Hall’s Reception theory, what might be a preferred and oppositional reading of Taylor Swift's online presence? 

Preferred reading: Fans see Taylor as genuine, empowering, and relatable, a celebrity who uses her platform positively.

Oppositional reading: Others might think her online image is calculated, more about marketing and profit than authenticity.


Industries

How social media companies make money

Read this analysis of how social media companies make money and answer the following questions:

1) How many users do the major social media sites boast?

As of late 2022, Meta (Facebook) had around 2.96 billion users, LinkedIn had about 900 million, and Twitter (now called X) last reported 330 million in 2019.

2) What is the main way social media sites make money? 

They make money through advertising. Basically, they sell our attention to advertisers, the more time users spend on the platform, the more ads they can show and the more profit they make.

3) What does ARPU stand for and why is it important for social media companies? 

ARPU stands for Average Revenue Per User. It helps companies measure how much money each user generates, which is crucial for tracking growth and profitability.

4) Why has Meta spent huge money acquiring other brands like Instagram and WhatsApp? 

Meta bought Instagram and WhatsApp to reach even more users and control more of the social media market. With billions of people using these platforms, Meta can collect more data and make more money from targeted ads.

5) What other methods do social media sites have to generate income e.g. Twitter Blue? 

Platforms like X (Twitter) now charge for extra features. X Premium (formerly Twitter Blue) gives users things like fewer ads, longer posts, and an edit button for around $8 a month.


Regulation of social media


1) What suggestions does the report make? Pick out three you think are particularly interesting. 
  • Add “friction” to online sharing so misinformation spreads slower.
  • Make platforms explain why certain posts are recommended to users.
  • Ban discrimination in algorithms, such as hiding ads based on race or religion.

2) Who is Christopher Wylie? 

He’s the whistle-blower from the Cambridge Analytica scandal, who exposed how Facebook data was misused for political advertising.

3) What does Wylie say about the debate between media regulation and free speech? 

He argues that while people have the right to speak freely, they don’t have the right to be automatically amplified by algorithms. Platforms aren’t neutral, they decide what gets seen and what doesn’t.

4) What is ‘disinformation’ and do you agree that there are things that are objectively true or false? 

Disinformation means false or misleading information created to deceive people. I do think some things can be objectively true or false like facts or data but opinions are different because they depend on perspective.

5) Why does Wylie compare Facebook to an oil company? 

He compares Facebook’s negative social effects to pollution. Just like oil companies don’t profit from pollution but still cause it, Facebook doesn’t profit directly from hate or disinformation, but its design allows those things to spread.

6) What does it suggest a consequence of regulating the big social networks might be? 

It suggests that social media platforms should face stricter safety rules. Wylie points out it’s strange that household appliances like toasters are more heavily regulated than platforms that can affect democracy and public health.

7) What has Instagram been criticised for?

Instagram has been criticised for promoting unrealistic body images and showing users repetitive content, like endless fitness ads, which can harm self-esteem and mental health.

8) Can we apply any of these criticisms or suggestions to Taylor Swift? For example, should Taylor Swift have to explicitly make clear when she is being paid to promote a company or cause? 

Yes, definitely. Taylor should make it clear when she’s being paid to promote something. Transparency matters fans deserve to know when she’s giving a genuine opinion versus a paid endorsement. Being honest helps her seem more authentic and keeps her relationship with fans based on trust.


A/A* extension tasks

Read Deconstructing Taylor in Media Magazine MM51 which covers representations, postmodernism and the relationship between Swift and her fans. You can find this in our Media Magazine archive.

Read this Guardian article on teenagers and phone addiction. Do you recognise what it is discussing?

Read this Guardian article on the Online Harms Bill. What does it suggest regarding regulation of social media companies?

This Guardian article also explores the mental health implications of social media. Do you think that strict regulation of social media should happen?

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